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Algorithms are now used to detect "Grimace Scales" for pain assessment and to track complex social interactions in wildlife [20, 34]. A common scenario in clinics is a mature
For decades, veterinary medicine focused almost exclusively on the physical health of animals—vaccinations, surgeries, and the eradication of parasites. However, as our understanding of the animal kingdom has evolved, so too has the realization that mental and physical health are inextricably linked. Today, the intersection of represents one of the most dynamic and essential fields in modern animal care. The Evolution of Clinical Ethology Learning Theory and Conditioning Algorithms are now used