Increasingly institutionalized through localized regulations ( Perda Syariah ).

Women's and Girls' Rights Most of Indonesia's provinces, and dozens of cities and regencies, impose discriminatory and abusive dre... Human Rights Watch

Since the 1980s, the use of the jilbab has grown remarkably. No longer just a symbol of piety, it has transformed into a fashion-forward trend, spawning a booming industry of boutiques, specialized fashion designers, and styling courses. This shift challenges traditional, older Indonesian notions of modesty, allowing women to express both their religious adherence and their contemporary identities simultaneously.

Muslim female nurses often struggle to find jilbab-compliant scrubs that meet hygiene standards. Several hospitals in Jakarta and Surabaya were reported in 2022 for requiring nurses to remove headscarves during surgery rotations, leading to protests from the Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI).

The enforcement of these rules is often described as a "hegemonic enforcement of identity," which critics argue violates bodily autonomy and freedom of expression.

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