In his seminal book Animal Liberation , Singer applied the principle of utilitarianism to animals. He coined the term speciesism —discrimination against individuals purely based on their species. Singer argued that equal consideration should be given to the interests of all sentient beings capable of experiencing pleasure and pain.
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Neither Western welfare nor rights frameworks neatly align with many Indigenous cosmologies, which often view animals as non-human persons with whom humans have reciprocal, sacred relationships—including hunting and gratitude. This complicates the Western rights binary of "use vs. non-use." In his seminal book Animal Liberation , Singer