A landmark 2021 review demonstrated the application of deep learning to detect defects in newly created welds with minimal defect sizes, using field-quality manually produced welds rather than pristine laboratory specimens. The research addressed industry standards for defect classification and showed that continuous, digitized monitoring is essential for modern manufacturing and the sustainment of aging infrastructure. A separate study in NDT & E International (Vol. 120, 2021) proposed an automatic welding defect location algorithm based on an improved U‑net network, achieving better performance without any prior knowledge.
The 2020–2021 period was a transformative era for . By embracing digital transformation, AI, and advanced NDT methods, the industry shifted toward proactive, rather than reactive, quality assurance. These advancements not only ensured higher structural integrity and safety but also drastically improved production efficiency and reduced the costs associated with weld failures. welding inspection technology 2020 pdf 2021
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