An essential topic, , means holding a person liable for the torts committed by another.

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The law of torts and damages forms the backbone of civil litigation, providing a mechanism for individuals to seek redress for legal wrongs that cause harm. In legal education and practice—particularly within civil law jurisdictions like the Philippines—the commentaries and textbooks by legal scholar Hector S. De Leon (and co-authors like Hector M. De Leon, Jr.) serve as authoritative guides.