The compiler evaluates the tokens against the grammatical rules of the programming language. It creates a tree structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) to represent the logical structure of the code.

This overview traces the hierarchy of a computer system, from the physical switches (transistors) to the high-level software that runs on them. For more in-depth study, you can explore textbooks like Logic Gates, Circuits, Processors, Compilers and Computers or specialized educational materials from TU Eindhoven . 1. Logic Gates: The Fundamental Building Blocks

: Keyboards, mice, screens, and network cards allow the computer to interact with human users and other machines.

: It begins with logic gates built from transistors and demonstrates how to assemble them into combinatorial and sequential circuits. Computer Architecture

Logic gates are the physical devices implementing Boolean functions—the fundamental logic operations of digital electronics. They take binary inputs (0 or 1, representing low/high voltage) and produce a single binary output. Outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1. OR Gate: Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1.

: Directs the flow of data and tells the ALU, registers, and memory how to operate.